KPV Peptide: What the Published Literature Covers

KPV is the tripeptide Lys-Pro-Val, with the formula C16H30N4O4, a molecular weight of about 342.4 Da and the CAS number 67727-97-3. Its published literature is small and concentrated in experimental models of inflammation, particularly of the intestine, along with studies on how to deliver it to the colon. All of the work described below was performed in animals or cells.

What did the colitis studies report?

In 2008, two groups reported effects of KPV in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. One found that KPV reduced inflammation in chemically induced colitis models and linked the effect to reduced activation of inflammatory signaling [1]. The other showed that intestinal epithelial cells take up KPV through the peptide transporter PepT1 and that this uptake was associated with reduced inflammation [2].

What have delivery studies examined?

Because a free tripeptide is quickly degraded and absorbed in the upper gut, later studies packaged KPV in nanoparticles designed to release it in the colon. A 2010 study used polysaccharide hydrogel-embedded nanoparticles in a mouse colitis model [3], and a 2017 study used hyaluronic acid-functionalized nanoparticles for targeted oral delivery in mice [4]. These are formulation studies; they do not establish any use in humans.

Has KPV been studied outside the gut?

Yes, in smaller numbers. One study examined the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH in corneal epithelial models [5]. The literature outside the intestine remains limited.

What are the gaps in the literature?

There are no published controlled studies in humans. Many studies come from a few laboratories, and several use formulations, such as nanoparticles, that differ from a simple lyophilized peptide. Findings from one formulation should not be assumed for another.

Frequently asked questions

Why is KPV linked to alpha-MSH?

It is the last three residues of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, from which it was derived as a minimal active fragment.

How is KPV identified on a lab report?

By mass spectrometry against 342.4 Da and by HPLC purity detected near 214 to 220 nanometers, since it has no aromatic residues.

Does FLASK list KPV?

Yes, as KPV 10 mg, and as a component of the KLOW blend.